With modern engines with fuel injection and electronic ignition, it generally takes much less battery power to crank and start them, so raw cranking amps is less important than it used to be. To properly check the voltages, the battery should sit at rest for a few hours, or you should put a small load on it, such as a small automotive bulb, for a few minutes. The vent caps on flooded batteries should remain on the battery while charging. To avoid cable overheating, you should stick to C/4 or less. The self discharge of batteries with Lead-Antimony plates can be high - as much as 1% per day on an older battery. Note that flooded batteriesMUSTbubble (gas) somewhat to ensure a full charge, and to mix the electrolyte.
After batteries reach full charge, charging voltage is reduced to a lower level (typically 12.8 to 13.2) to reduce gassing and prolong battery life. The difference is in the structure.
There are so many variables, such as depth of discharge, maintenance, temperature, how often and how deep cycled, etc. Most valve regulated are under some pressure - 1 to 4 psi at sea level. The amp hour rating is usually given at something called the 20 hour rate so a 100Ah battery can power a 5 amp appliance for 20 hours ( 5 amps x 20 hours = 100). Do not put a new battery in a pack which is more than 6 months old or has more than 75 cycles. 
Much of this loss of efficiency is due to higher internal resistance at higher amperage rates - internal resistance is not a constant - kind of like "the more you push, the more it pushes back". These are nearly all various variations of Lead-Acid batteries. A battery is an electrical storage device. Float voltage for Lead-Acid batteries should be about 2.15 to 2.23 volts per cell, or about 12.9-13.4 volts for a 12 volt battery. It will not hurt a deep cycle battery to be used as a starting battery, but for the same size battery they cannot supply as much cranking amps as a regular starting battery and is usually much more expensive. Starter batteries use less lead (the main cost in the production process) because the plates in the cell are thinner. Many inverters and charge controls have a hard time with them. However, one of the biggest killers of batteries is sitting stored in a partly discharged state for a few months. This will NOT tell you how good (capacity in AH) the battery condition is - only a sustained load testcan do that. The active paste applied to the plates will also be dislodged at a higher rate as it is not designed to go below a 50% state of charge. They cannot be fast charged on a conventional automotive charger or they may be permanently damaged. This does not apply to gelled or AGM batteries. Trojan Battery- not a lot of real technical info here, but has all the specifications.Rolls Battery- Specs and data on the Rolls & Surrette deep cycle and marine batteriesConcorde- specs and data on all the Concorde batteries, including Lifeline.Discover Battery - Lots of info on the Discover Battery brand of batteries.Discover Solar - A solar specific site for the Discover Battery brand.SimpliPhi, Posted in Batteries & Charging. You might be thinking I have a 5 Amp appliance that I need to power for 20 hours, so what I need is a 100 Ah battery that was defined as such using the 20 hour rate. The sensor will then read very close to the actual internal battery temperature.
This "leakage" or self discharge varies considerably with battery type, age, & temperature. Even most "dry charged" batteries (those sold without electrolyte so they can be shipped more easily, with acid added later) will deteriorate over time. agm 135ah Any battery with the capacity shown in CA or MCA may or may not be a true deep-cycle battery. We have seen gelled cells destroyed in one day when overcharged with a large automotive charger. sealed lead solaire An interesting rule of thumb is that typically if you divide a given reserve capacity by two, you will derive the approximate amp hour capacity. So a 100Ah battery should power a 100 Amp appliance for one hour . We have had almost no direct experience with the NiFe (alkaline) batteries, but from what we have learned from others we do not not recommend them. These use gas phase transfer of oxygen to the negative plates to recombine them back into water while charging and prevent the loss of water through electrolysis. Solar Pump Controllers & Current Boosters, Solar Pump Installation Equipment & Accessories, Pump Installation Equipment & Accessories. Float and charging voltages for gelled batteries are usually about 2/10th volt less than for flooded to reduce water loss. AGM's will cost about 1.5 to 2 times as much as flooded batteries of the same capacity. This is important because some manufacturers and vendors have chosen to rate their batteries at the 100 hour rate - which makes them look a lot better than they really are. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. Sometimes called "fork lift", "traction" or "stationary" batteries, are used where power is needed over a longer period of time, and are designed to be "deep cycled", or discharged down as low as 20% of full charge (80% DOD, or Depth of Discharge). A printable version of this page will be available in Adobe PDF format when we finish updating this page for downloading and printing: Most of the charts have small images for faster downloading. Automotive batteries will generally fail after 30-150 deep cycles if deep cycled, while they may last for thousands of cycles in normal starting use (2-5% discharge). Throughout this article we have been considering which battery we would need to power a 5 Amp appliance for 20 hours. We stock all of theIota Engineeringbattery chargers. The lower the internal resistance, the better. There is a good explanation and demonstration of Internal Resistance here. The one issue that Peukerts Law (see above) does not take into account is temperature, it assumes temperature will be around 77F (25C). Unfortunately, battery performance significantly declines in colder conditions. They all use the same chemistry, although the actual construction of the plates, etc varies. STEP ONE: Make sure it really is a deep cycle battery, STEP TWO: Understanding the amp hour rating, STEP THREE: Understanding the depth of discharge cycles, Video of What makes a Deep Cycle Battery Different with Transcript, VIDEO What makes a deep cycle battery different, VIDEO How a flooded lead acid battery is made. To get a full charge, you must continue to apply a current after the battery voltage reaches the cutoff point of most of these types of controllers. Many batteries follow no particular code, and are just manufacturers part numbers. This is not usually a problem with solar electric systems, but if an auxiliary generator or inverter bulk charger is used, current must be limited to the manufacturers specifications. Even though battery capacity at high temperatures is higher, battery life is shortened. These are often called traction batteries because of their widespread use in forklifts, golf carts, and floor sweepers (from which we get the "GC" and "FS" series of battery sizes). Other standard size codes are 4D & 8D, large industrial batteries, commonly used in solar electric systems.
that are more suited for deep cycle batteries. Telephone (float): 2-20 years. The plates are composed of a Lead "sponge", similar in appearance to a very fine foam sponge. handling calculator shipping agm The negative plate in batteries expands somewhat during discharge, which is why nearly all batteries have separators, such as glass mat or paper, that can be compressed. deep battery cycle rv marine les amp reducing discharges handles capacity reserve hours without link email These type of batteries have all the advantages of gelled, but can take much more abuse. Here well cover the steps you can follow to find the right battery for your needs. At 32F (0C), amp hours drop by 20%, at -22F (-27C), the decrease is 50%. Conversely, to a certain point, they will perform better in much warmer conditions. It's just that when designing a system when you have some idea of the loads, you should figure on an average DOD of around 50% for the best storage vs cost factor. In a dead battery, the specific gravity can fall below 1.1.
Many have "group" sizes, which is based upon the physical size and terminal placement. In hot climates, water loss can be enough over 2-4 years to cause premature battery death. Since not all batteries have exactly the same acid strength, this will give you a baseline for future readings. Battery capacity (how many amp-hours it can hold) is reduced as temperature goes down, and increased as temperature goes up. Automotive batteries typically have plates about .040" (4/100") thick, while forklift batteries may have plates more than 1/4" (.265" for example in larger Rolls-Surrette) thick - almost 7 times as thick as auto batteries. We can see this by using a formula known as Peukerts Law: You can work out your own needs using our online Peukerts Law calculator. marine battery gel cycle deep batteries amp west hours boats.com, 1221 Brickell Avenue, 23rd Floor, Miami, FL 33131, USA. Deep-cycle includes solar electric (PV), backup power, traction, and RV and boat "house" batteries. If you use 1000 watts from a battery, it might take 1050 or 1250 watts or more to fully recharge it. For the purposes of this article however well stick with 120Ah. If your batteries spend part of the year shivering in the cold, the reduced capacity has to be taken into account when sizing the system batteries. The standard rating for batteries is at room temperature - 25 degrees C (about 77 F). battery volt bluetooth lithium hour amp cycle deep 240ah function marine Batteries do not make electricity, they store it, just as a water tank stores water for future use. cycle marine deep battery professional larger Deep Cycle Battery as a Starting Battery. It is usually considered to be discharging from 100% to 20%, and then back to 100%. We have used the Concorde SunXtender AGM batteries in some of our vehicles with no problems. marine west battery flooded cycle hours deep amp Not all shunt type controllers are 100% on or off, but most are. It is often hard to tell what you are getting in a "marine" battery, but most are a hybrid. Typical self discharge rates for flooded are 5% to 15% per month. This means longer charging time and/or higher finish rate (higher amperage at the end of the charge). This is true of flooded lead acid and sealed lead acid batteries. Lead-Acid batteries do NOT have a memory, and the rumor that they should be fully discharged to avoid this "memory" is totally false and will lead to early battery failure. For gel cells, subtract .2 volts. This prevents a lot of the water loss and splashing that may occur when they are bubbling. The Crown L-16HC size has .22" thick plates. A brand new battery will have a capacity of about 5-10% less than the rated capacity. If it has been completely discharged on a regular basis, it will be in a far worse condition than one that has, for example, never been below a 30% state of charge. Inactivity can be extremely harmful to a battery. Here are two worked examples using our 100 Ah battery from above (that we have increased to 120 Ah so as to reduce wear and tear from very deep cycling). Although called deep cycle, these batteries dont like complete discharge-recharge cycles and running them totally flat on a regular basis will cause internal damage that will shorten their lifespan. go to our Batteries for Deep Cycle Applications page. Solvents or spray cleaners should not be used. It isamps x hours. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Top 10 Choices for Boaters, 11 Holiday Gift Ideas For Boaters This Season, 10 Cool Last Minute Holiday Gifts for Boaters. There is little you can do to check these issues and so buying second hand can be risky. This has allowed some less reputable manufacturers to label starter batteries as deep cycle especially in the lead acid battery arena. Xantrex Morningstar Midnite Solar Outback Power Steca You can find all these brands, as well as others, in our charge controller section. Note the large voltage drop in the last 10%. deep 27dc purpose tch royalbatterysales battery agm cycle deep lifeline gpl 31t marine volt amp hour batteries rv camper pop ih8mud windynation agm sla vrla wind How fast can a Sealed Lead Acid rechargeable battery charge? What taper charge really means is that as the battery gets charged up, the voltage goes up, so the amps out of the charger goes down. This gives less surface area, thus less "instant" power like starting batteries need. This is actually not as bad as it seems, as the battery will tend to average out the good and bad times. They will gradually last for shorter periods in each discharge. A few systems use NiCad, but we do not recommend them except in cases where extremely cold temperatures (-50 F or less) are common. So if Peukerts Law says you need a 100 Ah battery at the 20 hour discharge rate and you have upped this to 120 Ah so as not to fully discharge it each time, up it again to take into account temperature. For a pair of golf cart batteries, that would be about a 1 to 5-watt panel - the smaller panel if you get 5 or more hours of sun per day, the larger one for those long cloudy winter days in the Northeast. marine battery gel batteries 6v cycle hours deep amp Should I upgrade to a Gel Battery for my trolling motor? Most industrial (fork lift) deep-cycle batteries use Lead-Antimony plates rather than the Lead-Calcium used in AGM or gelled deep-cycle batteries and in automotive starting batteries. Finally, we made appropriate changes based on the environmental temperature the battery was likely to be operating in. The best determination is to measure the specific gravity, but in many batteries this is difficult or impossible. Occasional dips into the yellow are not harmful, but continual discharges to those levels will shorten battery life considerably. Industrial deep cycle (Crown and Rolls 4KS series): 10-20+ years. The problem is that "golf cart" refers to a size of battery case (commonly called GC-2, or T-105), not the type of construction - so the quality and construction of a golf cart battery can vary considerably - ranging from the cheap off brand with thin plates up to true deep cycle brands, such as Crown, Deka, Trojan, etc. Absorption Charge: The 2nd stage of 3-stage battery charging. As batteries age, their maintenance requirements change. The major difference between a true deep cycle battery and others is that the plates are SOLID Lead plates - not sponge. And, since the internal resistance is extremely low, there is almost no heating of the battery even under heavy charge and discharge currents. Voltage on a fully charged battery will read 2.12 to 2.15 volts per cell, or 12.7 volts for a 12 volt battery. All we have room for here is a basic overview of batteries commonly used in photovoltaic power systems. The electrolyte may be stronger (for cold) or weaker (for very hot) climates. For long life batteries, such as the Surrette and Crown, you can have up to a one year age difference. To get around this, Xantrex (and maybe others?) You can have very strong solution at the bottom, and very weak at the top of the cell. Many batteries are sealed, and hydrometer reading cannot be taken, so you must rely on voltage. duracell cycle gigaparts This means that the faster a battery is used (discharged), the LOWER the AH capacity. In situations where multiple batteries are connected in series, parallel or series/parallel, replacement batteries should be the same size, type, and manufacturer (if possible). For a very brief discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of these and other types of batteries, such as NiCad, NiFe (Nickel-Iron), etc. boats.com is part of the Boats Group Network. (They are not totally dry - they are actually filled with acid, the plates formed and charged, then the acid is dumped out). Starting (sometimes called SLI, for starting, lighting, ignition) batteries are commonly used to start and run engines. This includes the standard flooded batteries, gelled, and sealed AGM. (There are some NiCads in use, but for most purposes the very high initial expense, and the high expense of disposal, does not justify them). Most of the modern controllers have automatic or manual equalization built in, and many have a LOAD output. At 50% the reading will be 2.03 VPC (Volts Per Cell), and at 0% will be 1.75 VPC or less. Not everyone needs these features. This ranks among the top 3 reasons for battery failure. Hydrometer readings may not tell the whole story, as it takes a while for the acid to get mixed up in wet cells. In PWM, the controller or charger senses tiny voltage drops in the battery and sends very short charging cycles (pulses) to the battery. The 6-hour rate is often used for industrial batteries, as that is a typical daily duty cycle. We need to learn a bit about amp-hour ratings for thingslike alternators and battery chargers, and about how to size a battery bank to keep all your gearrunning at its peak performance for as long as you need it to.Starting Batteries and Battery RatingsIts important to understand the different ratings used to determine battery capacity andalso to understand that sometimes battery manufacturers will use specifications thatmay do more to confuse you than actually help in making the right choices. On the other hand, many cars, boats, and RV's are more heavily loaded with power sucking "appliances", such as megawatt stereo systems etc. It can range from about 1% to 15% per month. marine cycle 8d battery deep gel hours amp batteries west They are sometimes used in larger PV systems because you can get a lot of storage in a single (very large and heavy) battery. Also, there is an upper limit - a battery that is continually cycled 5% or less will usually not last as long as one cycled down 10%. Understand the demands of your on-board electrical equipment, and assess the abilities of your batteries and charging gear to keep up with those demands. Deep Cycle Battery as a Starting Battery? when the surrounding temperature is regularly around freezing point, the performance drops by 20% so a 120 Ah battery is actually a 95 Ah battery (120 Ah x 80%). A clamp-on meter set to measure amperes will help you determine the electrical demands of your system. In such cases, the specific gravity and the voltages may vary from what we show. ("C/8" is the battery capacity at the 20-hour rate divided by 8. True deep cycle AGM's (such as Concorde) can approach 98% under optimum conditions, but those conditions are seldom found so you should figure as a general rule about a 10% to 20% total power loss when sizing batteries and battery banks. If overcharged too many times, some of these batteries can lose enough water that they will die before their time. It is sometimes hard to tell, as the term deep cycle is often overused - we have even seen the term "deep cycle" used in automotive starting battery advertising. It is NOT a measure of battery capacity. All AGM & gelled are sealed and are "valve regulated", which means that a tiny valve keeps a slight positive pressure. In the past they were often used by railroads as backup power, but nearly all have now changed over to newer types. Some other disadvantages of gel cells is that they must be charged at a lower voltage (2/10th's less) than flooded or AGM batteries. This holds true for ANY type of Lead-Acid battery, whether sealed, gelled, AGM, industrial or whatever. These use a variable voltage to keep the charging amps much more constant for faster charging. Nearly all sealed batteries are "valve regulated" (commonly referred to as "VRLA" - Valve Regulated Lead-Acid). However, since very few battery cables can take that much current, we don't recommend you try this at home. The voltages below apply to ALL Lead-Acid batteries, except gelled. Practically all batteries used in PV and all but the smallest backup systems are Lead-Acid type batteries. Thin plates (used in starter batteries) buckle under these circumstances causing the battery to short out or limiting its ability to recharge. They are generally used where they are under constant or very frequent charge/discharge cycles, such as fork lifts and floor sweepers. (Some, such as the Concorde AGM, use the 24 hour rate, which is probably a better real-world rating). We don't have a lot of data. One is that they must be charged at a slower rate (C/20) to prevent excess gas from damaging the cells. At approximately -22 degrees F (-27 C), battery AH capacity drops to 50%. Starting batteries have a large number of thin plates for maximum surface area. The most practical number to use is 50% DOD on a regular basis. trolling volt motor battery batteries cycle deep marine 24v agm vmax 12v maintenance hours amp sealed 135ah motors Most smaller deep cycle batteries (including AGM) use Lead-Calcium plates for increased life, while most industrial and forklift batteries use Lead-Antimony for greater plate strength to withstand shock and vibration. They can vary considerably, depending on age, usage, care, and type. Knowing the discharge rate used by the manufacturer is as crucial as the Amp Hour capacity itself. An important fact is that ALL of the batteries commonly used in deep cycle applications are Lead-Acid. when operating regularly in an environment of around 122F (50C), we can reduce the Ah capacity we need by 12%, so anything rated higher than 106 Ah will fit our needs. The links below are on this page - you can also just scroll down if you want to read them all. Usually older batteries need to be watered more often. The acid is typically 30% Sulfuric acid and 70% water at full charge. Nearly all large rechargeable batteries in common use are Lead-Acid type. The lifespan of a deep cycle battery will vary considerably with how it is used, how it is maintained and charged, temperature, and other factors. The graph above shows how lifespan is affected by depth of discharge. cycle deep 8d battery marine Free ground shipping for orders $500+ and $400 flat rate freight shipping on select kits. Distilled or deionized water should be used to top off non-sealed batteries. battery cycle westmarine These are usually special purpose "float service", but often appear on the surplus market as "deep cycle". 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