wellme Lemon EO significantly enhanced attention level, concentration, cognitive performance, mood, and memory of students during the learning process [100]. The analgesic effect of lemon EO is induced by dopamine-related activation of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the descending pain inhibitory system [98].
Prolonged exposure (for 2 weeks) to lemon EO induces significant changes in neuronal circuits involved in anxiety and pain in rats [96]. Non-volatile components of some expressed Citrus oils. Grapefruit oil was neither irritating nor sensitizing to volunteers when tested at 10 and 100% [167]. Neroli EO is an endothelium- and smooth-muscle-dependent vasodilator that can alleviate cardiovascular symptoms. distillation from the peel and solidsleft over Furthermore, neroli EO is a strong antioxidant. The acute dermal LD50 of -pinene was >5 g/kg in rabbits, subcutaneous LD50 was 1.42 g/kg in mice, and the acute oral LD50 was >5 g/kg in rats [167]. Sweet orange, bitter orange, mandarin, and grapefruit EOs are rich in monoterpenes with the major component being d-limonene (65.395.9%) (Table 1) [8]. 
Chemopreventive effect of orange oil on the development of hepatic preneoplastic lesions induced by. Phytochemical and biological investigations of, Dosoky N.S., Stewart C.D., Setzer W.N. Effectiveness of antimicrobial formulations for acne based on orange (. orange-flower water is a by-product of steam distillation. Pino J.A., Rosado A. Neroli EO reduced the mean anxiety scores in postmenopausal women [70]. PMC legacy view Roberto D., Micucci P., Sebastian T., Graciela F., Anesini C. Antioxidant activity of limonene on normal murine lymphocytes: Relation to H. Kostova I., Bhatia S., Grigorov P., Balkansky S., Parmar V.S., Prasad A.K., Saso L. Coumarins as antioxidants. Lime EO has been used to relieve common cold, flu, asthma, arthritis, and bronchitis [111,164]. Ao Y., Satoh K., Shibano K., Kawahito Y., Shioda S. Singlet oxygen scavenging activity and cytotoxicity of essential oils from Rutaceae. Young A.R., Walker S.L., Kinley J.S., Plastow S.R., Averbeck D., Morlire P., Dubertret L. Phototumorigenesis studies of 5-methoxypsoralen in bergamot oil: Evaluation and modification of risk of human use in an albino mouse skin model. Ullah N., Khan M.A., Khan T., Ahmad W. Nephroprotective potentials of, Friedman M., Henika P.R., Levin C.E., Mandrell R.E. Geranyl acetate has anti-inflammatory [189], antifungal [189], and antimicrobial properties [190]. Matura M., Skold M., Borje A., Andersen K.E., Bruze M., Frosch P., Goossens A., Johansen J.D., Svedman C., White I.R., et al. Oils can be extracted by steam distillation or cold expression. It presents an extremely low risk of skin sensitization [8]. Yip Y.B., Tam A.C.Y. Evaluation of mechanical-pressed essential oil from Nanfeng mandarin (, Tao N., Jia L., Zhou H. Anti-fungal activity of, Matan N., Matan N. Antifungal activities of anise oil, lime oil, and tangerine oil against molds on rubberwood (, Wu T., Cheng D., He M., Pan S., Yao X., Xu X. Antifungal action and inhibitory mechanism of polymethoxylated flavones from, Chutia M., Deka Bhuyan P., Pathak M.G., Sarma T.C., Boruah P. Antifungal activity and chemical composition of. Neroli EO inhibits the growth of several bacteria including Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermis, Enterococcus faecalis, Micrococcus luteus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia [53,79], as well as several fungi including Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A. fumigatus, Fusarium graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, and Alternaria alternata [20,53,75,79]. Sweet orange EO showed anticarcinogenic potential via inducing apoptosis in human leukemia (HL-60) cells [28] and human colon cancer cells [29], and inhibiting angiogenesis and metastasis [29]. Effect of plantar subcutaneous administration of bergamot essential oil and linalool on formalin-induced nociceptive behavior in mice. Chemical structures of key non-volatile components in expressed Citrus essential oils. The use of thyme and orange essential oils blend to improve quality traits of marinated chicken meat. It is not acutely toxic, nephrotoxic, or carcinogenic, but the oxidized d-limonene may carry some toxicity. Chemical composition and antiproliferative activity of essential oil from the leaves of a medicinal herb. In the absence of UV light, bergamot oil is not carcinogenic and even low concentration sunscreens can completely inhibit bergapten-enhanced phototumorigenesis [172]. The percentages of these non-volatile constituents in expressed oils are given in Table 2. Limited data suggests minimal toxicity. Antioxidant and antinociceptive effects of. It is neither toxic nor carcinogenic [8]. from sour orange. Lin C.M., Sheu S.R., Hsu S.C., Tsai Y.H. Major volatile components in essential oils of different Citrus spp. Neroli EO is used as a sedative for its soothing, calming, and motor relaxant effects by healthcare centers in Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Mexico, Italy, Martinique, and Spain [55]. It caused no irritation when tested at 2% on 1200 dermatitis patients, with only two (0.17%) patients showing sensitivity reaction [170], whereas when tested at 10% in 590 eczema patients, 0.5% of the patients had reactions [171]. Russo R., Cassiano M.G.V., Ciociaro A., Adornetto A., Varano G.P., Chiappini C., Berliocchi L., Tassorelli C., Bagetta G., Corasaniti M.T. Sharma K., Mahato N., Cho M.H., Lee Y.R. Kim S.H., Hur H.J., Yang H.J., Kim H.J., Kim M.J., Park J.H., Sung M.J., Kim M.S., Kwon D.Y., Hwang J.T. Lime EO has insecticidal activity (contact, fumigation, and feeding deterrent activities) against the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais [114]. Da Silva J.K.R., Maia J.G.S., Dosoky N.S., Setzer W.N. The Ramadan W., Mourad B., Ibrahim S., Sonbol F. Oil of bitter orange: New topical antifungal agent. Santucci B., Cristaudo A., Cannistraci C., Picardo M. Contact dermatitis to fragrances. Ben Hsouna A., Hamdi N., Ben Halima N., Abdelkafi S. Characterization of essential oil from, Sarrou E., Chatzopoulou P., Dimassi-Theriou K., Therios I. Chemical diversity, biological activity, and genetic aspects of three, Ammar A.H., Bouajila J., Lebrihi A., Mathieu F., Romdhane M., Zagrouba F. Chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of. Lemon EO significantly reduces lipid peroxidation levels and nitrile content, but increases reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, as well as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in mouse hippocampus [93]. cuniculi, both in vitro and in vivo. doterra invigorating Chemical composition and bioactivity of peel oils from. ml Lemon EO is a natural stress reliever. Franco-Vega A., Reyes-Jurado F., Cardoso-Ugarte G.A., Sosa-Morales M.E., Palou E., Lopez-Malo A. Settani L., Palazzolo E., Guarrasi V., Aleo A., Mammina C., Moschetti G., German M. Inhibition of foodborne pathogen bacteria by essential oils extracted from citrus fruits cultivated in Sicily. Martn M.A., Siles J.A., Chica A.F., Martn A. Biomethanization of orange peel waste. The odor of sweet orange decreases the symptoms of anxiety and improves the mood [31]. Med. This table is Schlede E., Aberer W., Fuchs T., Gerner I., Lessmann H., Maurer T., Rossbacher R., Stropp G., Wagner E., Kayser D. Chemical substances and contact allergy244 substances ranked according to allergenic potency. Bagetta G., Morrone L.A., Rombol L., Amantea D., Russo R., Berliocchi L., Sakurada S., Sakurada T., Rotiroti D., Corasaniti M.T. oils are chemical compounds which contain the flavour and aroma of the Preventive effects of, Yi F., Jin R., Sun J., Ma B., Bao X. Mandarin EO was neither irritating nor sensitizing to 25 volunteers when tested at 5 and 8% [167]. The oil is used to facilitate wound healing [132]. The cutaneous effects of the common concretes and absolutes used in the perfume industry. Inhalation of lemon EO reduces the intensity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) by 33% [99]. In addition, the oil was reported to have a good radical-scavenging activity [37], mainly due to the high d-limonene content [12,13]. Received 2018 Jun 6; Accepted 2018 Jul 3. Li Y.L., Yeung C.M., Chiu L.C., Cen Y.Z., Ooi V.E. Ceccarelli I., Masi F., Fiorenzani P., Aloisi A.M. An experimental study on the effectiveness of massage with aromatic ginger and orange essential oil for moderate-to-severe knee pain among the elderly in Hong Kong. Igarashi M., Ikei H., Song C., Miyazaki Y. The finest oils are produced Effect of orange peel essential oil on oxidative stress in AOM animals. Opdyke D.L.J. Neroli EO possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity against acute and chronic inflammation [73]. The mechanism is thought to be through adjusting the unbalance of oxidation and antioxidation, down-regulating the expressions of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and mRNA in lung tissues, and reducing collagen deposition and fibrosis [82]. The effects of olfactory stimuli on scholastic performance. The Essential Oils Complete Reference Guide: Over 250 Recipes for Natural Wholesome Aromatherapy. The site is secure. Citrus waste is a valuable source of d-limonene, flavonoids, carotenoids, dietary fibers, soluble sugars, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, polyphenols, ascorbic acid, methane, and essential oils [4,5,6]. (APRC, https://aromaticplant.org/). It could be useful in weight loss and the treatment of drug-induced obesity and related diseases. Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. Bodake H.B., Panicker K.N., Kailaje V., Rao K.V. Due to the presence of limonene, bitter orange EO possesses its gastroprotective and ulcer healing actions through increasing the gastric production of mucus, which is useful as a secondary intervention in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases [60]. It is used as a treatment for digestive disorders such as slow digestion, constipation, flatulence, gastric problems, etc. When tested at 520%, no skin reaction was observed [186]. Smaller resolutions may cause the The bright, refreshing scent of grapefruit EO energizes and uplifts the senses. Yuzu EO is useful in treating bronchial asthma due to its anti-inflammatory activities. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. This review summarizes the important biological activities and safety considerations of the essential oils of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), neroli (Citrus aurantium), orange petitgrain (Citrus aurantium), mandarin (Citrus reticulata), lemon (Citrus limon), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), bergamot (Citrus bergamia), Yuzu (Citrus junos), and kumquat (Citrus japonica). Bergamot EO was reported to be cytotoxic against SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, suppressing their growth rate through a mechanism related to both apoptotic and necrotic cell death [133,134]. Bitter orange EO showed good radical-scavenging activity [53], largely due to the high d-limonene content [12,13] and its microencapsulated form, which was effective in reducing oxidative stress in acute otitis media rats [61].
Lemon EO has insect repellent effects against the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi [104]. The genus Citrus (Rutaceae) is one of the ancient, most traded, and most popular crops. Fujii T., Furukawa S., Suzuki S. Studies on compounded perfumes for toilet goods. It has been reported to have anti-spasmodic effect and to enhance sexual desire [59]. The high citral content of lime EO causes potential toxic and myelotoxic effects [110]. are often carelessly used interchangeably.
Inhaling a mixture of lavender, ylang-ylang, marjoram, and neroli (20:15:10:2) decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as the concentration of salivary cortisol in prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects [77]. In vitro and in vivo effect of, Asnaashari S., Delazar A., Habibi B., Vas R., Nahar L., Hamedeyazdan S., Sarker S.D. aromacamp Lemon EO causes activation of the sympathetic nerve activity innervating the white adipose tissue (WAT), which increases lipolysis and results in the suppression of body weight gain [92]. Citrus is grown widely all over the world for its numerous health benefits. Accessibility
Comparative investigation of the distilled lime oils (. It is neither irritating nor sensitizing at 20% [167]. Antimicrobial assays of natural extracts and their inhibitory effect against Listeria innocua and fish spoilage bacteria, after incorporation into biopolymer edible films. Biol. It has no carcinogenic activity [8]. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Australian tea tree (. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies It also induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells due to the presence of citral, decanal, and octanal [28]. Ben Chemical composition, fumigant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of the Tunisian. Hata T., Sakaguchi I., Mori M., Ikeda N., Kato Y., Minamino M., Watabe K. Induction of apoptosis by. It displayed a reduction in body weight and food consumption in ketotifen-induced obese mice [106]. It also showed remarkable miticidal activity against Sarcoptes scabiei var. from flowers. It showed strong anxiolytic activity in rodents without any motor impairment, even after 15 consecutive days of treatment [55]. The acute dermal LD50 of d-limonene was >5 g/kg in rabbits, while the acute oral LD50 was >5 g/kg in rats [167]. It showed positive effects on the mood, blood pressure, pain, inflammation, bloating, and indigestion in addition to its anti-depressant effects [75]. The fact that several oils number of possible combinations each with a different name is 18, all It also induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells due to the presence of citral, decanal, and octanal [28]. Expressed sweet orange oil was neither irritating nor sensitizing to 25 volunteers when tested at 8 and 100% [167], whereas it caused sensitivity to 0.13% of total dermatitis patients when tested at 2% [169]. Li G.X., Liu Z.Q. A combination of a low dose of morphine with inactive doses of bergamot oil or linalool was sufficient to induce antiallodynic effects in mice via inhibiting spinal extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) phosphorylation [127,131]. Rombol L., Amantea D., Russo R., Adornetto A., Berliocchi L., Tridico L., Corasaniti M., Sakurada S., Sakurada T., Bagetta G., et al. fromjuice extraction. Iturriaga L., Olabarrieta I., de Maran I.M. The acute dermal LD50 was higher than 5 g/kg in rabbits, while the acute oral LD50 was 14.5 g/kg in rats and 13.5 g/kg in mice [184]. from the same plant using different extraction methods can be It is used in suntan preparations due to the presence of bergapten, which is the active melanogenic component [126]. The mechanism underlying its antimicrobial and antifungal effect is thought to be via increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, relevant to its action in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes [132]. with different characteristics and a different name can be obtained Psychiatry.
It showed a 100% singlet oxygen scavenging activity at all concentrations between 0.1 and 2% [20,78]. Bicas J.L., Neri-Numa I.A., Ruiz A.L., De Carvalho J.E., Pastore G.M. Because of its anti-obesity effects, grapefruit EO is called the dieters friend [116]. Sanei-Dehkord A., Sedaghat M.M., Vatandoost H., Abai M.R. In addition, it is a potent antibacterial against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus durans, E. hirae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexnerii, Streptococcus faecalis, Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhi [111,113]. It is not mutagenic or genotoxic. To avoid oxidation of d-limonene, Citrus oils should be stored in a dark air-tight container and placed at 4 C [8]. In case of applying expressed EOs to the skin in a dose higher than the maximum dermal use level, it is recommended to avoid exposure to sunlight for at least 12 h [8]. Careers. Zarrad K., Hamouda A.B., Chaieb I., Laarif A., Jema J.M. Homburger F., Treger A., Boger E. Inhibition of murine subcutaneous and intravenous benzo(rst)pentaphene carcinogenesis by sweet orange oils and d-limonene. The methanol extract of yuzu could be beneficial for individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease because it inhibits platelet aggregation [159]. table below is a compilation of the most common citrus oils. d-Limonene was irritating at concentrations of 7080%, a weak irritant at 50%, and a non-irritant at concentrations of 2030%. Interestingly, the C. aurantium flower extract showed anti-amnesic and repairing effects on memory, learning impairments, and behavioral disorders induced by scopolamine, and has the potential to treat Alzheimers disease [72]. Chemical profile, antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity of, El-Akhal F., Lalamia A.E.O., Guemmouh R. Larvicidal activity of essential oils of, Galvo J.G., Silva V.F., Ferreira S.G., Frana F.R.M., Santos D.A., Freitas L.S., Alves P.B., Arajo A.A.S., Cavalcanti S.C.H., Nunes R.S. It can be used for controlling subterranean termites [50]. Thresholds of terpinolene skin sensitization are not known. Neroli EO is effective for cardiac palpitations resulting from shock or fear [68]. Yuzu extract was reported to exert anti-diabetic activity through increasing glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes by modulating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-) signaling pathways. Evaluation of the effects of essential oil extracted from sweet orange peel (. An official website of the United States government. Berliocchi L., Ciociaro A., Russo R., Cassiano M.G.V., Blandini F., Rotiroti D., Morrone L.A., Corasaniti M.T.
Identification of essential oil components from, da Silva J.K., da Trindade R., Moreira E.C., Maia J.G.S., Dosoky N.S., Miller R.S., Cseke L.J., Setzer W.N. National Library of Medicine Ikeda H., Takasu S., Murase K. Contribution of anterior cingulate cortex and descending pain inhibitory system to analgesic effect of lemon odor in mice. Grapefruit EO was cytotoxic against human prostate and lung cancer cells [90]. Similar to linalool, linalyl acetate does not cause photo-irritation or photo-allergy because it does not absorb UV light in the range of 290400 nm [182]. Furthermore, bitter orange EO was effective in reducing the severity of first-stage labor pain and anxiety in primiparous women [59], as well as in alleviating moderate and severe knee pain [34]. El-Ashmawy W.R., Elsaeed M., Gebely M. Randomized clinical trial on evaluation of the effect of bergamot oil on treatment of ring worm infection in calves and cats. The origin of Citrus is still controversial; however, it is believed to have originated from Southeast Asia [2]. Kim H.J., Chen F., Wu C., Wang X., Chung H.Y., Jin Z. It is a very weak skin sensitizer [167]. Also, grapefruit EO is a potent larvicide against Anopheles stephensi at 80 ppm [123]. tangerine citrus
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